
     __________________________________________________________

                              6
                             
                            
                            
     __________________________________________________________

     ਬ砭:
     室    ⫠稪   ⢫   ६
⨥  CONTROL+C.    ⨨  CONTROL+S  뢮  
࠭  ६ ਮ⠭.  த 筮
  .
     
                        ⫠稪
                       
      ⫠稪   ᯮᮡ.  ࢮ  
      ⢥      ⫠稪,  ஬
    ப 맮 ⫠稪:
     
     ⮤ 1:        debug
     ⮤ 2:        debug [_䠩 [ᯨ᮪_㬥⮢]]
     
      ᪥ ⫠稪  ࢮ ⮤,   (-) 
࠭ ᨣ  ⮢ ⫠稪  ਥ .

     ਬ砭:
     ᫨      㪠 _䠩 ⫠稪,  ᮧ
 ணࠬ ࠥ.  ⫠ .com  .exe 䠩
 ᫥  ᮤন   ᠬ,    05,
  ⫠稪  ࢥ.    ⠩  ணࠬ
᫥ ⮣,   ࠭  ᮮ饭:
     
     Program terminated normally
     (ணࠬ 襭  筮 楤)
     
      ⮣    १㧨  ணࠬ    
 N ()  L (㧨),   ⥬   .
        ᪥   ⫠稪    ⮤,  㪠  
 ப ணࠬ  䠩  㧨   訩  
祭  㯭  ᥣ   ᬥ饭  ᫥ 100. 
ॣ BX:CX 頥 ⢮ 㦥 .
     
            ଠ   ⫠稪
          
       ⫠稪 ⮨    㪢,    ன
᫥      ᪮쪮  ࠬ஢.   砥 襭
ᨭ⠪  ⫠稪 砥 訡筮   ५
(^)   ᮮ⢥騬 ᮮ饭 error (訡):
     
     dcs:100 cs:110
         ^ Error
     
          ப    
㪢, ⠪  ய.
     
            ଠ  ࠬ ⫠稪
          
       ⫠稪 ( ᪫祭    Q)  
  ࠬ,    ᢮ ।   ࠧ
஡  묨.  ⥫  易⥫    
᫥⥫묨   ⭠묨  稭.  騥
 :
     
     dcs:100 110
     d cs:100 110
     d,cs:100,110
     
     ࠬ        ।
     __________________________________________________________
     ᪮:        ᪮,    ண  㧨
                         뢠 ⫠
                     䠩. 襭 祭  0  -  3,  
                     0=, 1=, 2=, 3=D.
                   ⭠  頥 
                       뢠     -      
                     ॣ.
               1 - 3 ⭠  㪠뢠騥
                       ᪮      ᪥  
                     ⢮   ᥪ஢,  뢠  
                     뢠  ᪠.
     祭               ⭠   ,
     (稭)      㪠뢠, ਬ,      
                     ⢮ ࠧ, ஥  
                     ᢮ ⢨.
                ।   砥  ।
                     ᥣ,       १  稥
                     ᫥ । ᬥ饭.    
                       ।  ᥣ.    ⮬
                     砥  㬮砭 㤥 ਭ  ᥣ
                     ds        ,    ᪫祭
                     A,G,L,T,U,W,        㬮砭
                     ਭ   ᥣ  cs.    祭
                     㪠뢠    ⭠筮  ଥ.
                         ⮣,   ᥣ      
                     ।         ᮮ⢥饣
                     ᥣ⭮ ॣ:
                     
                     CS:0100
                     04BA:0100
                            
                     ᯮᮡ.  ࢮ 㪠뢠 , 
                      ᫥ ᬥ饭  ⮣ :
                     
                     CS:0100 110
                     
                       ஬  ᯮᮡ    ᮬ  ᫥
                     ᨬ  L   ()      ᮮ⢥饥
                     祭  :
                     
                     CS:0100 L 10
                     
                      ப ࠢ쭠:
                     
                     CS:0100 CS:0110
                             b Error
                     
                         ॢ 
                     ⭠ .
     ᯨ᮪           ࠬ      ᫥  
                       ப    ।⠢  ᮡ
                     ᫥⥫쭮   ப:
                     
                     FCS:0100 42 45 52 54 41
     ப           ⢮ ᨬ,  饭  
                     窨  (ࠧ襭    ,  ⠪ 
                       窨).    砥 
                       ப  祪,     ⢮
                     ᫥ 㤢:
                     
                     'this ''string'' is okay.'
                     
                      
                     
                     "this ""string"" is okay."
     ᫮           ⢮ 뤥塞 16-࠭.
     奭           ᪨   EMS (⥬ ࠢ
                     ७ ).
     ࠭        ᪮ ࠭.
     ࠭        䨧᪮ ࠭.
     __________________________________________________________

     ᫥騩  ਠ  ⮩    饭   ஡
     ᠭ  ⫠稪.
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     ASSEMBLE (A)
     
     :
          ᥬ஢      㧪  祭
            㪠 .
              
     ⠪:
     
          A []
          
     ਩:
       ᫠   㪠뢠      ⭠筮   ଥ.
    ७祭  ᥣ - CS:, DS:, ES:, SS:.
  쭥    -  RETF.    뫪
ப     㪠뢠  ࠭, .. MOVSB 
MOVSW.   室    맮  楤  ⮬᪨
ᥬ     室  맮 楤 short,
near  far,  ᨬ  ᬥ饭 㪠뢠 .  
    ⫨    ᮧ    㬮砭 
, ᯮ 䨪 NEAR  FAR:
     
     0100:0500 JMP 502       ; 㡠  
     0100:0502 JMP NEAR 505  ; 塠 
     0100:0505 JMP FAR  50A  ; ⨡ 
     0100:050 ............

     䨪 NEAR  ᮪  NE.    㪠  
࠭,  䨪  WORD  PTR    BYTE  PTR    ᮪
ᮮ⢥⢥ WO  BY.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     COMPARE (C)
     
     :
       ࠢ    ,  ।    ࠬ
       "",        ⠪    ࠧ 
       㪠 "".
          
     ⠪:
     
          
                          
     ਩:
      砥  㦥  ࠧ稩,  ᫥  뢮  
᫥饬 ଠ:
     
     1 1 2 2
     
     ਬ:
     ⢨ ᫥  ਢ   १:
     
     C100,1FF 300
     
     
     
     C100L100 300
                                                           
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     DUMP (D)
     
     :
          뢮  ࠭ ᮤন  .
     
     ⠪:
     
          D[]
     
     ਩:
     ᫨      㪠 ,   ࠭ 㤥 뢥
ᮤন 128 , 稭  DS:100,  ᫥騥 128  
 128 ⠬, 뢥묨 ।饩  D.
     ন    뢮      ࠭ - 
 ⭠ 祭 , 室   ,  
㣮   ᪨   ࠧ      (  ᨬ
  窨 (.)).   ப 뢮 祭 16
.     ⠬ ⠢ .
                                                       
     ਬ:
     
     DCS:100 110
     DCS:100 L 20
            
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     ENTER (E)
     
     :
            㪠  㪠 祭.
          
     ⠪:
     
          [ᯨ᮪]
     
     ਩:
     ᫨        ᯨ᪠,    ⫠稪  뢮
㪠 ,   ᫥   ᮤন.    
     ᫥饩 ப,  ⫠稪 㤥 
  ⢨, ਠ  ਢ :
                                
     -  ⠩    祭    ⥪騬.  ᫨
         祭  㤥 ᮤঠ   ,
        譨   (⠪   ࠧ襭
       ). ,      
       祭  ॡ.
     -  ஡  室    ᫥饬  .  
           祭 믮 ⢨, ᠭ 
       ।饬 .       祭
        த । ⨥ ஡.
     -   (-)     ।饬 . 
        㦥  ⨫,    类  ।  뢮
       ⥪騩    祭   ⮬ .  -
        믮 ⢨  ᠭ  ,  ..  
        祭  ᭮ ३  㣮 .
     - ⨥    ,      
         .
                             
       
       
       
       
       
     __________________________________________________________
     FILL (F)
     
     :
            㪠  祭, 㪠  
          ᯨ᪥.
          
     ⠪:
     
          F ᯨ᮪
     
     ਩:
     ᫨  ࠧ    ॢ蠥   ᯨ᪠,  ᯨ᮪
ᯮ ୮,       㤥  .
᫨  ᯨ᪠ ॢ蠥 ࠧ ,  譨 祭
ᯨ᪠ .
                                            
     ਬ:
       ᫥饩        100 (256) 
㤥  ⨡묨 ⪠:
     
     F04BA:100 L 100 42 46 54 53 41
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     GO (G)
     
     :
          믮 㦥 ⫠稪 ணࠬ.
     
     ⠪:
     
          G[= []]
     
     ਩:
     ᫨   G   権,    㦥  ணࠬ
믮   筮. ᫨  㪠 =,  믮
ணࠬ 稭   㪠  .  ⠫  
(᫨  㪠)     ப ।⠢ ᮡ 
祪 뢠 ணࠬ.  ணࠬ  ⨣  
窨  뢠,  ᮤন  ॣ஢,  ﭨ 䫠 
ᥬ஢   ⮬  뢮  ࠭.
     襭  㪠       祪   뢠,   
⨢ 砥 㤥 饭 訡.
     짮⥫᪠  ணࠬ      (6
  ⮩ ) .  G ᯮ  IRET
 室  㥬 ணࠬ.    ⮬  ⠢
㪠⥫    짮⥫,  䫠    ॣ  CS:IP. 
ᠬ 祪 뢠 頥  뢠 (0).
      த  믮  ணࠬ  ᫥  室  
 뢠   G ᭮.
     
     ਬ:
       ᫥饩      㦥   ணࠬ   㤥
믮   窨 뢠:

     GCS:7550

     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     HEX (H)
     
     :
          믮       䬥᪨      ⢨      
          ⭠묨 稭.
          
     ⠪:
          
          稭 稭
     
     ਩:
      ⮩    ࠭  뢮  ப,    ன
ࢮ   㬬  稭,  ன ࠧ  ࢮ
 ன 稭.
     
     ਬ:
     ।   ᫥騥 稭:
     
     H19F 10A
     
      ⢥  ࠭  ᫥饥:
     
     02A9 0095
                          
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     INPUT (I)
     
     :
                  㪠      (㪠뢠
            稭)  뢮   ࠭.
            
     ⠪:
     
          I稭
     
     ਩:
     襭 16- .
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     LOAD (L)
     
     :
          㧪 䠩  .
     
     ⠪:
     
          L[ [᪮:  ⢮_ᥩ]]
                                          
     ਩:
      : 頥 ⢮ ⠭ .  䠩
  ।  ⮬    ᪥ debug,
    N (name).
     ᫨   L    ࠬ஢,    䠩  㤥
㦥,  稭     CS:100,   : 㤥 饭
⢮ 㦥 . ᫨  㪠 ࠬ "",
 䠩 㤥 㦥, 稭  㪠 .  ᫨  
㪠      ࠬ,    㦠    ᮫
ᥪ. ᪮ । ᫥騬  ࠧ:  0=,  1=,
2=    ...      ⢥, ।塞 ࠬ஬
"⢮_ᥩ",  뢠,  稭      ᪮
 ᥪ, 㪠 ࠬ஬ "".
     
     ਬ:
     ⫠稪  㧨 109 (6DH) ᥩ, 稭   
᪨ ஬ 15 (FH)   04:100, ᫨  
᫥  (⠥,   䠩 㦥 ।):
     
     L04BA:100 2 0F 6D
     
     ਬ砭:
     ࠬ  "" ᥣ  ⫠稪  .exe
䠩, .. ᫥  㦠  , 㪠
  䠩.   .exe  䠩  "१"  
⥫   䠩     㧪,  ⮬  ᪮  ࠧ  䠩
᪮쪮  ࠧ 䠩  .
     ᫨  㦠  䠩      ७   .hex,   
㦠  㤥  , 㪠  ᠬ .hex 䠩,
  (  稨  ࠬ  "")  , 㪠
ࠬ஬ ""  , 㪠  .hex 䠩.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     MOVE (M)
     
     :
          ६    ,  㪠뢠   ࠬ஬
          "",  㪠 .
                    
     ⠪:
     
           
     
     ਩:
     ᫨  ।    ᮢ  ᤢ  
४뢠   ᠬ   祭,         
, .. ४뢠  ᤢ  묨,  ..
  ᤢ  ।  (  訥  )  묨  ᤢ
祭     ᮢ,      ᤢ    묨
ᤢ 祭   ᮢ.
         ,  ⨥ ᤢ ᫮, ..
   ᤢ,    ९뢠      ᠬ,
祬    ᠬ  㤠 (᫨  筮
 ४ 묨 祭ﬨ).
     
     ਬ:
     
     MCS:100 110 CS:500
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     NAME (N)
     
     :
          ᢮  䠩.
     
     ⠪:
     
          N_䠩 [_䠩...]
     
     ਩:
       N  믮    㭪樨.  ०  ᥣ,  
  ।    䠩,     ᫥⢨ 㤥
㦠   뢠.    䠩  室
।     N, ᫨  맮 ⫠稪 
    뫮  㪠.  ஥   ।祭      -
।  ࠬ஢,  ᯮ㥬  㦠  䠩  
頥    筮  ᪥  ⮣    䠩  
  ப  맮.    ,  
㭪樨 믮 ६, ਬ,   ਢ
砥:
                   
     - Nprog.exe
     - L
     - G
     
      G  䠩 prog.exe,    ⢥  ࠬ
ண   㤥  ਭ      䠩  prog.exe.  ᫨  
ணࠬ  ᯮ ࠬ஢,  祭  ࠬ
   ,    ᫨    ணࠬ  ᯮ
ࠬ,   ᫥   । । 
G, ਬ:
     
     - Nprog.exe
     - L
     - Nfile1.dat file2.inf
     - G
     
     , ᫨    W,  ᠭ   
prog.exe,  ⠪    file1.dat. ⮡  ⠪ १
᫥ ᯮ짮  N ।   L  W.
        ࢮ   㪠   䠩   ଠ   
ࠢ  䠩   CS:5C,   ᮧ
  ண 䠩 (᫨ 䠩  㪠)      CS:6.  
祩 CS:80 頥 ⢮  ᨬ ᫥ N,
      ப   N 頥  , 稭 
 CS:81.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     OUTPUT (O)
     
     :
          뢥   㪠 "稭" .
                      
     ⠪:
     
          稭 
     
     ਩:
     襭 16-⮢  .
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     PROCEED (P)
     
     :
          믮  横,  塞   ப   ,
          ணࠬ 뢠  맮 ணࠬ.
     
     ⠪:
     
          [=] [⢮]
                               
          :
     
                 -  ࢮ 믮塞 .
          ⢮  - ⢮ 믮塞 .
     
     ਩:
        ।  ࠢ  ⫠  ࠣ
ணࠬ.    ࠣ  믮   뢠  
,   㤥 襭 믮  横,  饩
  뫪  ப, 뢠, 맮 ணࠬ 
㪠   ⢠   .   ᫥   ⮣   ࠢ
頥  ⫠稪,      ࠭  뢮 ଠ 
ﭨ ॣ஢  䫠 ⫠ ࠣ.
     ᫨ ࠬ  (  (=) ।)  饭,  
⠪   ⠥   ,   ।塞  ॣࠬ  CS:IP
⫠  ணࠬ.    㬮砭  ᥣ  ।
ॣ஬ CS.
     ᫨      㪠     横,
塞 ப ,  ணࠬ  뢠  
맮  ணࠬ,          
(஢).    㬮砭  ࠬ  "⢮"   ࠢ
.
     
     ਬ砭:
          ᯮ짮  ஢ .
                          
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     QUIT (Q)
     
     :
          室  ⫠稪.
     
     ⠪:
     
          Q
     
     ਩:
      ⮩  ࠢ 頥 ⥬.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     REGISTER (R)
     
     :
          뢮  ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢ .
     
     ⠪:
     
          R[_ॣ]
                
     ਩:
     ᫨       _ॣ,   ࠭ 㤥
뢥 ᮤন  ॣ஢  ﭨ  䫠.
     ᫨  㪠    ॣ,      ࠭  
⭠筮  祭 ⮣ ॣ,   ᫥
稥, 饥  ⫠稪      
祭    ⮣ ॣ.     祭
   , ⥬ ᠬ ⠢ ० 祭.
      ਢ ⨬  ॣ஢:
     
     AX BP SS
     BX SI CS
     CX DI IP  PC
     DX DS SP
     F  ES
     
     ᫨  㪠  ⢥  ᨬ F,      ࠭
   뢥  ᨬ    䫠,  ࠦ騥
६   ﭨ.      ﭨ  䫠
 ⨢ ᨬ  ᫥  .
     
      䫠          ⠭         襭
     __________________________________________________________
     ९            OV                  NV
     ࠢ             DN                  UP
     뢠              EI                  DI
                         NG                  PL
                         ZR                  NZ
     ᯮ⥫         AC                  NA
             ७
     ⭮                PE                  PO
     ७                 CY                  NC
     __________________________________________________________

       ᪥  ⫠稪 ᥣ ॣ ⢫ 
砫  뤥  ⪠  ,  ॣ   IP   砥
祭 0100,  䫠 뢠,  ⠫ ॣ
 祭 .
       믮  ⮩     뢮 ᫥騥
ᮮ饭  訡:
     
     BR - ⨬  ॣ
     DF -  䫠 㪠   祭
     BF - ⨬ 祭  䫠
     
     ਬ:
     ᫥ 뢮 ᯮ    RF  ﭨ  䫠  
      祭   䫠   浪, 
஡   ஡  :
     
     NV UP DI NG NZ AC PE NC - PLEICY
                               ------
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     SEARCH (S)
     
     :
            㪠 "" 㪠 "ᯨ᪠" .
     
     ⠪:
     
          S ᯨ᮪
     
     ਩:
       ᯨ᪠    ⤥    ஡,  ⠪  
묨.   ᫨      ᯨ᪥   㪠   ᪮쪮  ,  
頥 ⮫쪮    ப. ᫨ ᯨ᮪
ᮤন ⮫쪮  ,  뢮    
  㪠 .
     

     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     TRACE (T)
     
     :
          믮  , 뢥 ᮤন ॣ஢,
          ﭨ 䫠  ᠬ   ᥬ஢
          .
          
     ⠪:
     
          [=] [稭]
     
     ਩:
     ᫨    㪠  ,    ஢  믮 
㪠  .  稭   㪠뢠   ⢮   蠣
஢.        ஢   ᯮ   
 ய஢ 8088  8086.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     UNASSEMBLE (U)
     
     :
          ᥬ஢ .
     
     ⠪:
     
          U[]
                   
     ਩:
     ᫨   ࠬ  ,      ࠭  
뢥    ᥬ஢  ⮫쪮 20 , 稭 
    ,    ᫥饣         ᫥     ⮬,
ᥬ஢  ।饩    Unassemble.  ᫨ 
  㪠 ⮫쪮 ,   ᥬ஢
⮫쪮 20 , 稭  㪠 .
     뢮 ଠ 㤥  ਬ୮ ᫥騩 :
     
     04BA:0100  206472  AND  [SI+72],AH
     ...
     ...
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     WRITE (W)
     
     :
           ⫠ 䠩  .
     
     ⠪:
     
          W[ [᪮:  ⢮]]
                                          
     ਩:
     ᫨      ᯮ    W    ࠬ஢,  
।⥫쭮  室  㧨      :   ⢮
뢠  .  ᫨   㪠  , 稭 
ண   㤥   믮   ,         㤥
믮, 稭   CS:100.
     ᪮ । ᫥騬  ࠧ  -  0=,  1=  
...       䠩  뢠,  稭    ᪮
ᥪ, 㪠 ࠬ஬ "". ࠬ "⢮"
㪠뢠 ⢮ 뢠 ᥪ஢.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     ALLOCATE EXPANDED MEMORY (XA)
     
     :
          뤥 㪠  ⢮  ࠭  ७
            (EMS).    ᯥ譮  襭    ࠭
          뢮 ᮮ饭:
     
          "andle created"
          (᪨  ᮧ)
                                   
     ⠪:
     
           ᫮
     
          :
     
          ᫮  -   ⭠筮   ᫮,   ।饥
                     ⢮ 뤥塞 16-࠭.
                     
     ਩:
     ᫨  㪠  ⢮  ࠭    㯭,  
࠭ 뢮 ᮮ饭  訡.
     
     ਬ:
       뤥  8  ࠭  ७     
᫥饥:
     
      8
     
     ᫨    ⢮  ࠭  㯭,      ࠭
 ਬ୮ ᫥饥 ᮮ饭:
     
     Handle created=0003
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     DEALLOCATE EXPANDED MEMORY (XD)
     
     :
          ⬥ 뤥 , 믮  .
     
     ⠪:
     
          XD ᪨___EMS_ᮧ__
     
     ਬ:
     ᫥  :
     
     xd 0003
     
       ࠭    (᫨  ⬥  믮   ᯥ譮)
     ᫥饥 ᮮ饭:
     
     Handle 0003 deallocated
     (뤥  EMS  ᪨ ஬ 0003 ⬥)
     
          
     
          
     
                                                              
     
     __________________________________________________________
     MAP EXPANDED MEMORY PAGES (XM)
     
     :
          ਢ  䨧  ࠭  ७  
          ᮮ⢥⢨  ᪮   ࠭,   ਭ饩
          㪠 ᪮  EMS.
          
     ⠪:
     
           ࠭ ࠭ ᪨_
     
          :
              
          ࠭ -  ᪮ ࠭.
          ࠭ -  䨧᪮ ࠭.
                     
     ਬ:
     ਢ  䨧  ࠭ (2) ७  
     ᮮ⢥⢨  ᪮   ࠭ (5),   ਭ饩
     㪠 ᪮  EMS (0003):
     
     xm 5 2 0003
     
      ᯥ譮 襭  ࠭  ᮮ饭:
     
     Logical page 05 mapped to physical page 02
     (᪠   ࠭   2   ਢ      ᮮ⢥⢨
     ᪮ ࠭ 5)
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
     GET EXPANDED MEMORY STATUS (XS)
     
     :
          뢮    ࠭  ଠ樨    ⥪饬   ﭨ
          ७ .
          
     ⠪:
     
          XS
     
     ਩:
     뢮 ଠ  ᫥騩 ଠ:
     
     Handle %1 has %2 pages allocated
     Physical page %1 = Frame segment %2
        %1 of a total %2 EMS pages have been allocated
        %1 of a total %2 EMS handles have been allocated
                                     
     ᪮  %1 ਭ %2 뤥 ࠭
      %2  ᥣ  䨧᪮ ࠭ %1
     뤥 %1 ࠭  饣 ᫠ %2 EMS ࠭
     뤥  %1  ᪨  ஢   饣 ᫠ %2 EMS
     ᪨ ஢.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     __________________________________________________________
        
     
     ਢ  訡  뢠  ⮫쪮  ᠬ  믮塞
     ,   ⫠稪.
     
     BF - ⨬ 祭  䫠
     BP -   G 㪠   祪 뢠.
     BR - ⨬  ॣ
     DF -  䫠 㪠   祭
     
